Zhyd
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Zhyd (zhid) and Zhydovka (zhidovka) are terms for Jewish man and Jewish woman, respectively, in several Slavic languages.[1][2][3] In Russian and Ukrainian languages, they are now considered ethnic slurs.
Russian
[edit]In modern Russian (жидовка / жид), it has been an antisemitic slur, similar to the word yid, since the mid-19th century.[1][4]
On December 4, 1762 Empress Catherine II issued a manifesto permitting all foreigners to travel and to settle in Russia, adding kromye Zhydov ("except the Jews").[5] In the legislative enactments of the last decade of Catherine's reign the term Zhyd was replaced by Yevrey, "Hebrew".[6]
Ukrainian
[edit]Under the influence of Russian, the terms have also become pejorative in modern Ukrainian (жидівка / жид, zhydivka / zhyd).[7][8][9] Nikita Khrushchev commented on the term in his memoirs:[10]
"I remember that once we invited Ukrainians, Jews, and Poles...to a meeting at the Lvov [sic] opera house. It struck me as very strange to hear the Jewish speakers at the meeting refer to themselves as 'yids'.… "We yids hereby declare ourselves in favor of such-and-such." Out in the lobby after the meeting, I stopped some of these men and demanded "How dare you use the word 'yid'? Don't you know it's a very offensive term, an insult to the Jewish nation?" "Here in Western Ukraine it's just the opposite," they explained. "We call ourselves yids.... Apparently what they said was true. If you go back to Ukrainian literature...you'll see that 'yid' isn't used derisively or insultingly."
In the Western Ukrainian dialect of Yiddish, the term for 'Jew" is 'Zhyd' - as is found in the name of the Hassidic dynasty of Ziditshov. The dialect stresses the Y-sound of the Yiddish word "Yid" into a 'Zh".
In December 2012, Ukrainian politician Ihor Miroshnychenko of the Svoboda party wrote on Facebook that Hollywood actress Mila Kunis, who is Jewish, is "not a Ukrainian but a zhydivka."[2] Ukrainian Jews protested the use of the term.[7] Svoboda officials and Ukrainian philologist Oleksandr Ponomariv argued that in the Ukrainian language, the word does not always have the anti-Semitic connotations that it does in the Russian language, though Ponomariv warned that the term would be considered offensive by Jewish people.[11][12][nb 1] The Ukrainian Ministry of Justice declared that Miroshnichenko's use of the word was legal because it is an archaic term for Jew and not necessarily a slur.[11] In a letter of protest directed to then-Prime Minister of Ukraine Mykola Azarov, the term Zhydovka was described by Rabbi Marvin Hier of the US-based Simon Wiesenthal Center as an "insidious slur invoked by the Nazis and their collaborators as they rounded up the Jews to murder them at Babi Yar and in the death camps."[2]
Other Slavic languages
[edit]In Polish the words żyd / żydówka are the neutral, standard and non-pejorative way to refer to Jews, which is being used by the Polish Jews to describe themselves (for example "Żydowski Instytut Historyczny" - Jewish Historical Institute or "Gmina Wyznaniowa Żydowska" - Jewish Religious Community). However there exist numerous derivatives, some of which can be pejorative, such as żydzisko, żydek or żydy (in plural. The non-pejorative form is żydzi).[14][15][16][17][18]
In most other Slavic languages, such as Czech/Slovak (židovka / žid), Slovene, Croatian (židovka, židov for "Jew"; and Židovka, Židov for "Israelite", "Israeli national"[19])—as well as Hungarian and Lithuanian which are influenced by Slavic languages—these terms, similar to the usage in Polish, are not pejorative, as they simply mean 'Jew' and trace their etymology to the Old Italian word giudio, which was inherited from Latin jūdaeus.[20][21]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Before the 1930s, the traditional Ukrainian word for Jew жид (zhyd) had no negative connotations, but because it coincided with the Russian slur for Jews жид (zhid), the Ukrainian word zhyd was banned by the Soviet authorities in the 1930s.[13]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Klier, John D. 1982. "Zhid: Biography of a Russian Epithet." The Slavonic and East European Review 60(1):1-15. JSTOR 4208429.
- ^ a b c "Mila Kunis Targeted By Anti-Semitic Ukrainian". TMZ. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ LaZebnik, Edith (1979). Such a Life. G. K. Hall. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-8161-6662-6. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ Gelblum-Bross, Roma (1992). To Samarkand and Back. Roma Bross Reg'd. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-9695913-0-6. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, by Simon Dubnow, Jewish Publication Society of America, 1916, p. 260, Retrieved 8/13/2024.
- ^ History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, by Simon Dubnow, Jewish Publication Society of America, 1916, p. 320, Retrieved 8/13/2024.
- ^ a b "Ukrainian government: Anti-Semitic pejorative used against Mila Kunis is legal". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule by Karel C. Berkhoff, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008, ISBN 0674027183 (page 60)
- ^ Яременко В. і Сліпушко О.. Новий тлумачний словник української мови. — К. : Аконіт, 2000. — Т. 2 (Ж—О). — С. 26. — ISBN 966-7173-02-X.
- ^ Khrushchev, Nikita. 1971. Khrushchev Remembers. New York: Bantam Books. p. 151-152.
- ^ a b Winer, Stuart. 19 December 2012. "Ukraine okays ‘zhyd’ slur for Jews." The Times of Israel.
- ^ Glavcom.ua, Oleksandr Ponomariv [Олександр Пономарів], 28 November 2012, Reason to believe the word "жид" is not anti-Semitic (Підстав вважати слово "жид" антисемітським немає).
- ^ of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule by Karel C. Berkhoff, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008, ISBN 0674027183 (page 60)
- ^ Robert Looby (27 March 2015). Censorship, Translation and English Language Fiction in People's Poland. Hotei Publishing. p. 140. ISBN 978-90-04-29306-9.
- ^ Antony Polonsky (2004). Jews in Łódź, 1820-1939. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-904113-15-7.
- ^ Peter Florian Dembowski (2005). Christians in the Warsaw Ghetto: An Epitaph for the Unremembered. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-268-02572-4.
In the singular, the word Żyd [ Zhid ) is not pejorative in Polish, despite the contrary belief widely held in America
- ^ Danusha Veronica Goska (2002). Bieganski: The Brute Polak Stereotype and Its Application in Polish-Jewish Relations and American Popular Culture. Indiana University. p. 26.
"Żydek", according to linguist Maria Kaminska, was used in both a "pejorative and non-pejorative way".
- ^ Narodowy Corpus Języka Polskiego. "Żyd." Wielki Słownik "Żydy" depr (forma deprecjatywna rzeczownika) Accessed September 25, 2024. https://wsjp.pl/haslo/do_druku/83229/zyd.
- ^ "Žìdov". Croatian Language Portal (in Croatian). Znanje. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ^ Narodowy Corpus Języka Polskiego. "Żyd." Wielki Słownik Języka Polskiego. Accessed September 25, 2024. https://wsjp.pl/haslo/do_druku/83229/zyd.
- ^ Český rozhlas. "Odkud se v češtině vzalo slovo Žid?" Rozhlas.cz. Published March 29, 2019. Accessed September 25, 2024. https://temata.rozhlas.cz/odkud-se-v-cestine-vzalo-slovo-zid-7995745.