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Instamatic

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with instant cameras, including Kodak's own Kodamatic line.
For the film formats associated with the Instamatic and Pocket Instamatic camera ranges, see 126 film and 110 film respectively.
Instamatic 50, an early model, alongside Kodacolor-X 126 film cartridge

The Instamatic is a series of inexpensive, easy-to-load 126 and 110 cameras made by Kodak beginning in 1963.[1] The Instamatic was immensely successful, introducing a generation to low-cost photography and spawning numerous imitators.

During its heyday, the range was so ubiquitous that the Instamatic name is still frequently used as a generic trademark to refer to any inexpensive point-and-shoot camera. It is also frequently used incorrectly to describe Kodak's Kodamatic line of instant-picture cameras.

Kodak also used the Instamatic name on some Super 8-based home-cine cameras.[2]

History

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Market research which showed that most consumers would be happier with more automated film loading and exposure settings led Kodak to develop the Instamatic cameras starting in the early 1950s under project Easy Load, later updated to Project 13. A. D. Johnson, manager of advertising, is credited with coining the name Instamatic.[3]: 8–9  In a 1993 article speculating about the potential details of what would eventually be released as the Advanced Photo System, Herbert Keppler noted that "many snapshooters didn't buy cameras or take pictures because they simply couldn't load rollfilm or 35mm cameras. [...] Kodak's Kodapak 126 35mm cartridge, introduced in 1963, solved the problems of film loading, film advance, and rewinding. [...] It was a sensational success among snapshooters."[4]

Early Instamatics

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The Instamatic 100, the first Instamatic sold in the US, with single flashbulb attached

The lead designer for the Instamatic program was Dean M. Peterson (original design by Alexander Gow), also later known for most of the innovations in the point-and-shoot camera revolution of the 1980s. They were the first cameras to use Kodak's new 126 format. The easy-load film cartridge made the cameras very inexpensive to produce, as it provided the film backing plate and exposure counter itself and thus saved considerable design complexity and manufacturing cost for the cameras. Kodak sold various print and slide films in the 126 format.

The first Instamatic to be released was the Instamatic 50, which appeared in the UK in February 1963. The first model released in the US was the basic Instamatic 100, approximately one month later, which included a built-in flashgun for single-use AG-1 "peanut" bulbs, a feature lacking in the 50. With non-adjustable aperture, focus, and shutter speed (1⁄90 sec.),[5] it continued in the tradition of Kodak's earlier Brownie cameras, providing a simple snapshot camera anyone could use, with the added convenience of drop-in loading using "Kodapak" cartridges. These were offered initially with one of four preloaded films: Verichrome Pan, Kodachrome-X, Kodacolor-X, and Ektacolor-X.[6]

The first Instamatics went on sale for $16 in early 1963[7] and were soon followed by the 300 (which had a light meter), the 400 (which had a light meter and a spring driven film advance), and the 700 (which had a light meter and adjustable focus and shutter speeds).[6][8] Early fixed-focus Instamatics used either a 43 mm f/11 plastic lens or a 41 mm f/8 Kodar glass lens;[9] the 700 was equipped with a marginally wider and much faster 38 mm Ektar/Ektanar f/2.8 lens.[10] The final digit in the model designation (e.g., 100 or 104) refers to the type of flash used: models ending in 0 had a built-in flashgun, while those ending in 4 (introduced in 1965)[11] used flashcubes.

Kodak Instamatic Reflex SLR model

The lineup was soon expanded to include a variety of models from the basic but popular 100/104 to the automatic exposure 800/804, which featured an aluminum chassis, rangefinder, selenium light meter, and clockwork spring wind. The best model made in the USA was the 814, which had a four-element lens and a coupled range-finder.[12][13] The top-of-the-line model was the Instamatic Reflex (1969), a single-lens reflex camera which was made in Germany and could accept a variety of Retina S-mount lenses.[14] Some German-built Instamatic cameras such as the 250 and 500 included fixed lenses made by Rodenstock and Schneider Kreuznach.[3]: 16–17 

Commercial success

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Instamatic 277-X, a later model with a "Magicube" flashbulb cartridge attached

The Instamatic was an instant success; more than 50 million Instamatic cameras were produced between 1963 and 1970.[1] Kodak even gave away a considerable number in a joint promotion with Scott paper towels in the early 1970s to generate many new photographers and stimulate lasting demand for its film business.

Many other manufacturers attempted to capitalize on the popularity of the Instamatic with their own 126 cameras, including Canon, Olympus, Minolta, Ricoh, Zeiss Ikon, and even Rollei. Some of these models were far more sophisticated and expensive than the majority of the Kodak cameras: the Rollei SL26, for instance, featured interchangeable lenses (28mm, 40mm, and 80mm), TTL metering, and a rangefinder, and retailed for $300.[14]

A new series of Instamatics was introduced in 1970 to take advantage of the new Magicube flash technology. Magicubes used mechanically triggered pyrotechnic detonators for each bulb, eliminating the need to carry batteries. Instamatics with Magicube sockets were denoted by an "X" in the model number (e.g. X-15 or 55X).[11]

Pocket Instamatic (110 format)

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Kodak Pocket Instamatic 60 using 110 film.

In 1972, Kodak introduced the Pocket Instamatic series for its new 110 format.[15] The 110 cartridge had the same easy-load cartridge design with an integral take-up spool as the 126 format, but was much smaller, allowing the cameras to be very compact (hence the "Pocket" designation). Many cameras carry a four-character date code inside the film compartment or on the door.[16]

At launch in the United States, there were five models: in ascending order of sophistication, the Pocket Instamatic 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60. The top-of-the-line model was the Pocket Instamatic 60, which featured a stainless steel body, rangefinder, and automatic exposure with a four-element 26 mm f/2.7–17 Ektar lens. Programmed autoexposure selected an appropriate combination of aperture, with shutter speeds ranging from 1⁄250 to 10 seconds. The 50 shared the same lens and autoexposure system, but dropped the rangefinder for scale focusing. The 40 had a much slower 25 mm f/8 three-element lens and two-position focusing, and the 30 had an even slower 25 mm f/9.5 fixed-focus lens; both carried a similar programmed autoexposure system. The 20 shared the same 25 mm f/9.5 fixed-focus lens as the 30 and offered a single shutter speed of 1⁄100 second, which automatically changed to 1⁄40 when a flashcube was inserted.[17] An entry-level Pocket Instamatic 10 was launched by 1973, with a fixed-focus 25 mm f/11 lens and operation similar to the 20.[18]

Kodak Tele-Instamatic 608

By 1977, the initial lineup had been replaced by the Trimlite Instamatic and Tele-Instamatic lines for the United States. The Trimlite Instamatic 48 was a rebadged Pocket Instamatic 60, carrying the same features as the previous top-line model, and other Trimlites included the 38 (similar to the Pocket 40), 28 (Pocket 30), and 18 (Pocket 10). The Tele-Instamatics featured a sliding teleconverter switch. That line included the 708, which offered a new "multi-element" (three-element 25 mm f/5.6 or four-element 43 mm) lens with scale focusing and programmed autoexposure, similar to the prior Pocket 50, and the 608, which switched the single-element lens from 25 mm to 43 mm, both f/11, with a fixed shutter speed similar to the prior Pocket 20; engaging the teleconverter also would switch the viewfinder.[19]

Kodak introduced a mass-produced aspheric lens for still photography in October 1978 with the Ektramax 110 camera.[20] The lens is a four-element, 25 mm f/1.9 design with scale focusing.[21][22] Three of the elements, including the aspheric one, are molded plastic.[23]

Over 25 million Pocket Instamatics were produced in under three years, and the 110 format remained popular into the 1990s. However, the small negative size (13×17 mm) limited quality when using the film emulsion of the period; in practice, most prints were small, so the poor quality was not apparent unless the prints were enlarged beyond postcard size.

Mid-1970s to late 1980s

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Loading film cartridge in a Kodak X-15

In 1976, the Instamatic X line was updated for use with the new Flipflash system. These cameras were designated by the addition of the suffix "F" to the model number of the corresponding Magicube model. The basic X-15F was the last Instamatic sold in the United States, remaining on sale until 1988.[11]

Contemporary influence

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Detail of Photo Session (Johnson, 1984)

In 1984, Photo Session, a group of four bronze statues created by J. Seward Johnson, Jr., was installed in Queen Elizabeth Park of Vancouver, British Columbia. The statues depict three people posing in front of a mountainous backdrop, with a fourth photographing the group using an Instamatic X-35.[24] One of the three statues posing for the photograph was stolen in June 2008;[25] it was recovered without damage two months later.[26]

Hipstamatic, an automated photograph post-processing application for mobile devices released in 2009, used an interface inspired by the Instamatic to produce similar toy camera-like images and was meant to evoke "a simpler-is-better past, an age where cheap, mass-produced plastic cameras were built to last".[27] It was named as one of the top iPhone application "award winners" by Apple in 2010.[28] A few years later, the Instagram social media network included filters "designed to make digital photographs look like snapshots taken with the toy cameras of yesteryear: the Kodak Brownie, the Instamatic, the Polaroid".[29] The simple, geometric physical Instamatic camera design and square image format captured on 126 film directly inspired the updated Instagram logo and aesthetic.[30] Like Hipstamatic, Instagram was named the "iPhone App Of The Year" by Apple in 2011.[31] The two services were combined by Slate in 2012 as the inadvertently circular portmanteau Instamatic.[32]

Instamatic cameras

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126 film Kodak Instamatic cameras[3]: 16–17 [33]
Model Intro Lens Min. focus Shutter (sec) Market(s) Notes
FL / Name Ap. Constr.
50 1963 43 mm f/11[a] 1e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄90,[a] 1⁄40[b] UK
100/104[c] 1963 (1965) 43 mm f/11[a] 1e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄90,[a] 1⁄40[b] US Basically identical to 50, with different flash interface
300/304[c] 1963 (1965) 41 mm Kodar f/8–32[d] 3e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄60,[a] 1⁄40[b] US
400/404[c] 1963 (1965) 41 mm Kodar f/8–32[d] 3e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄60,[a] 1⁄40[b] US Identical to 300/304 with addition of spring-driven film advance
500 1963 38 mm Xenar f/2.8–22 4e 2.5 ft (0.76 m)–∞ 1⁄30 – 1⁄500 US, EU Lens made by Schneider; built-in match-needle meter; equipped with hotshoe
700/704[c] 1963 (1965) 38 mm Ektanar f/2.8–64[d] 3e 3 ft (0.91 m)–∞ 1⁄60 – 1⁄250
(+ 1⁄30)[b][e] 		US Aperture linked to focusing distance when using flash[6]
150/154[c] 1964 (1965) 43 mm f/11[a] 1e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄90,[a] 1⁄40[b] US Basically identical to 100/104 with spring-driven film advance
250 1964 38 mm Reomar f/2.8–22 3e 2.5 ft (0.76 m)–∞ 1⁄30 – 1⁄250 US, EU Lens made by Rodenstock; accepts AG-1B and AG-3B flashbulbs
800/804[c] 1964 (1965) 38 mm Ektanar f/2.8–64[d] 3e 3 ft (0.91 m)–∞ 1⁄60 – 1⁄250
(+ 1⁄30)[b][e] 		US Identical to 700/704 with addition of spring-driven film advance
Hawkeye 1964 43 mm f/11[a] 1e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄90,[a] 1⁄40[b] US Basically identical to 50
Hawkeye F 1964 43 mm f/11[a] 1e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄90,[a] 1⁄40[b] US Basically identical to 100
200/204[c] 1965 (1966) 41 mm Kodar f/8–32[d] 3e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄60,[a] 1⁄40[b] US
220/224[c] 1965 (1966) 38 mm Reomar f/5.6–? 3e? 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄125,[a] 1⁄40[b] US, EU
Hawkeye R4 1965 43 mm f/11[a] 1e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄90,[a] 1⁄40[b] US Simplified from 104
25/26 1966 (1968) 43 mm f/11[a] 1e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄90,[a] 1⁄40[b] US, UK, EU Premium version sold as 26
324 1966 38 mm Reomar f/2.8–22 3e 2.5 ft (0.76 m)–∞ 1⁄30, 1⁄250 US, EU Lens made by Rodenstock
S-10
S-20 		1967 35 mm Kodar f/9.5 ? 15 ft (4.6 m) 1⁄125,[a] 1⁄40[b] US Retractable lens; S-20 adds autoexposure
33/133 1968 43 mm f/11[a] 1e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄90,[a] 1⁄40[b] UK, EU 33 has two flash contacts similar to 50 & Hawkeye; 133 has flashcube socket
124/174 1968 43 mm f/11[a] 1e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄90,[a] 1⁄40[b] US 174 adds spring-driven film advance
134 1968 43 mm f/11[a] 1e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄90,[a] 1⁄40[b] US
233 1968 41 mm Reomar f/6.6 ? 4 ft (1.2 m)–∞ 1⁄30, 1⁄80 US, EU Kodak branded lens
314/414 1968 41 mm Kodar f/8–32[d] 3e 6 ft (1.8 m) / 2 ft (0.61 m) 1⁄90,[a] 1⁄40[b] US Two-position focus with close-up range; 414 adds spring-powered film advance
333 1968 43 mm f/11[a] 1e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 10–1⁄300 EU CdS photocell
714/814 1968 38 mm Ektar f/2.8–64[d] 3e 3 ft (0.91 m)–∞ 1⁄60 – 1⁄250
(+ 1⁄30)[b][e] 		US CdS metering photocell; 814 adds spring-driven film advance
11/44 1969 43 mm f/11[a] 1e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄90,[a] 1⁄40[b] US 11, sold in Brazil, deletes flashcube socket
Hawkeye A-1 1969 43 mm f/11[a] 1e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄90,[a] 1⁄40[b] US Basically identical to 134
Hawkeye II 1969 43 mm f/11[a] 1e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄90,[a] 1⁄40[b] US Basically identical to 44
Hawkeye X 1971 43 mm f/11[a] 1e 15 ft (4.6 m)[a] 1⁄90,[a] 1⁄40[b] US Basically identical to X-15
Instamatic Reflex kit lenses[f][3]: 16–17 
Focal length Mfr. Aperture range Construction Focus
45 mm Xenar f/2.8–? 4e 3.3 ft (1.0 m)–∞
50 mm Xenon f/1.9–? 6e 2 ft (0.61 m)–∞
Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Fixed setting, not adjustable
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Shutter speed when flash is used
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h xx0 models use AG-1 flashbulbs, while the corresponding xx4 models, introduced in 1965, use Magicubes[11]
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Automatically set by camera
  5. ^ a b c Slowest shutter speed automatically set by camera, if needed
  6. ^ Fully compatible with interchangeable DKL-mount lenses for Kodak Retina Reflex S and later cameras.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Tobin, Tom (2013-03-29). "Kodak Instamatic camera turns 50". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2015-05-09.
  2. ^ Kodak Movie Cameras, nwmangum.com. Article retrieved 2006-11-09.
  3. ^ a b c d Kemp, Weston (1975). Better Pictures with Your KODAK Instamatic Camera. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN 0-13-075994-5. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  4. ^ Keppler, Herbert (November 1993). "New 35mm film format: bogeyman or blessing?". Popular Photography. pp. 46–49. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  5. ^ "Instamatic Retro : Kodak Instamatic 100". Instructables.com. 2008-07-27. Retrieved 2015-05-09.
  6. ^ a b c Hering, Bob (May 1963). "Now: Cameras You Load Like a Gun". Popular Science. Vol. 182, no. 5. pp. 112–113. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  7. ^ Gustavson, Todd (2011). 500 Cameras 170 years of photographic innovation. Sterling Signature. ISBN 978-1-4027-8086-8.
  8. ^ Brown, Kevin (October 1963). "Comparing the new quick loaders". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. pp. 112–115, 208, 212.
  9. ^ Grey, Jim (17 February 2014). "Kodak Instamatic 104 and Kodak Hawkeye Instamatic". Down the Road. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  10. ^ "Kodak Instamatic 700 camera". Science Museum Group. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  11. ^ a b c d Lothrop, Eaton S. Jr. (January 1988). "Eastman Kodak marks 25 years of foolproof film loading". Popular Photography. Vol. 95, no. 1. Los Angeles, California: Diamandis Communications Inc. p. 14. ISSN 0032-4582. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  12. ^ Durniak, John (December 1969). "Photo gifts for Christmas". Boys' Life. Boy Scouts of America. pp. 32–33, 79. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  13. ^ "Meet the sharper shooter (advertisement)". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 132, no. 1. Hearst Magazines. July 1969. p. 193.
  14. ^ a b Gallagher, Sheldon M. (February 1969). "The drop-in film cartridge has come to stay". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 131, no. 2. The Hearst Corporation. pp. 148–150. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  15. ^ Berger, Ivan (June 1972). "New from Kodak: World's smallest pocket camera for under $30!". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 137, no. 6. The Hearst Corporation. pp. 74–75. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  16. ^ "Kodak 110 Instamatic Cameras". Kodak Classics. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  17. ^ "Kodak Picture-Taking Equipment and Supplies Price Catalog" (PDF). Pacific Rim Camera, Reference Library. Eastman Kodak Corporation. 1972. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  18. ^ "Kodak Picture-Taking Equipment and Supplies Price Catalog" (PDF). Pacific Rim Camera, Reference Library. Eastman Kodak Corporation. 1973. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  19. ^ "Kodak Picture-Taking Equipment and Supplies Price Catalog" (PDF). Pacific Rim Camera, Reference Library. Eastman Kodak Corporation. June 24, 1977. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  20. ^ Ruben, Paul L. (1985). "Design and use of mass-produced aspheres at Kodak". Applied Optics. 24 (11): 1682–1688. Bibcode:1985ApOpt..24.1682R. doi:10.1364/AO.24.001682. PMID 18223774.
  21. ^ Sahagian, Tom (January 1979). "11 new snapshot cameras". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 151, no. 1. The Hearst Corporation. pp. 30, 32. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  22. ^ "New Cameras, Faster Films, Handy Books". The Washington Post. October 27, 1978. Retrieved 4 April 2023. The Ektramax takes 110-size, 400 ASA film and has a fast shutter speed for action and a slower shutter speed and wide f/1.9 lens aperture for available-light photography. The lens, a newly designed, four-element lens incorporating one aspheric-shaped element, achieves improved quality at a high aperture with fewer lens elements, according to the manufacturer.
  23. ^ Ortner, Everett H. (October 1978). "Through the Viewfinder". Popular Science. Vol. 213, no. 4. p. 30. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  24. ^ Bollwitt, Rebecca (April 21, 2016). "Vancouver Icons: Photo Session Statues in Queen Elizabeth Park". Miss 604. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  25. ^ "Life-size statue stolen from Vancouver park". CBC News. June 20, 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  26. ^ "Police find life-size bronze statue stolen from Vancouver park". CBC News. August 13, 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  27. ^ "Disposable Hip". The Baffler. March 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  28. ^ Siegler, MG (December 9, 2010). "Apple's Apps Of Year: Hipstamatic, Plants Vs. Zombies, Flipboard, And Osmos". TechCrunch. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  29. ^ Rosenberg, Karen (April 21, 2012). "Everyone's Lives, in Pictures". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  30. ^ Smith, Thomas (February 8, 2021). "These Are the Analog Cameras That Inspired Instagram". Medium. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  31. ^ Perez, Sarah (December 8, 2011). "Apple Picks Instagram As The 'iPhone App Of the Year'". TechCrunch. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  32. ^ Murphy, Heather (March 5, 2012). "In Defense of Instagram: Why News Photography Goes Well With Vintage-Filtered Cat Pics". browbeat. Slate. Retrieved 2 March 2023. I was there five months ago, telling friends to shut up about "Instamatic." (I assumed the app Instagram was the same as another popular photo app, Hipstamatic.)
  33. ^ Koning, Mischa. "Kodak 126 Instamatic Cameras". Kodak Classics. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
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Media related to Kodak Instamatic at Wikimedia Commons

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