Equilateral triangle

"Equilateral" redirects here. For other uses, see Equilateral (disambiguation).

Equilateral triangle
Type	Regular polygon
Edges and vertices	3
Schläfli symbol	{3}
Coxeter–Dynkin diagrams
Symmetry group	$\mathrm {D} _{3}$
Area	${\textstyle {\frac {\sqrt {3}}{4}}a^{2}}$
Internal angle (degrees)	60°

An equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides have the same length, and three angles are equal. Because of these properties, the equilateral triangle is the family of regular polygon, and it is occasionally known as the regular triangle. It is the special case of an isosceles triangle by modern definition, creating more special properties.

The equilateral triangle can be found in the figures in high dimensions. Examples can be found in various of tilings, and the polyhedrons as in the deltahedron and antiprism. Other appearances in real life are the popular cultures, architectures, and the study of stereochemistry resembling the molecular known as the trigonal planar molecular geometry

Properties

An equilateral triangle is a triangle that has three equal sides. It is a special case of an isosceles triangle in the modern definition, stating that an isosceles triangle is defined at least as having two equal sides. Based on the modern definition, this leads to an equilateral triangle in which one of the three sides may be considered its base.

The follow-up definition above may result in more precise properties. For example, since the perimeter of an isosceles triangle is the sum of its two legs and base, the equilateral triangle is formulated as three times its side. The internal angle of an equilateral triangle are equal, 60°. Because of these properties, the equilateral triangles become the known family as the regular polygons. The cevian of an equilateral triangle are all equal in length, resulting in the median and angle bisector being equal in length, considering those lines as their altitude depending on the base's choice. When the equilateral triangle is flipped around its altitude and rotated around its center for every one-third of a full angle, its appearance is unchangeable. This leads that the equilateral triangle has the symmetry of a dihedral group $\mathrm {D} _{3}$ of order six. The following describes others.

Area

The right triangle with a hypotenuse of $2$ has a height of ${\sqrt {3}}$. Therefore, the height of an equilateral triangle is the sine of 60°, ${\sqrt {3}}/2$.

The area of an equilateral triangle is $$T={\frac {\sqrt {3}}{4}}a^{2}.$$ The formula may be derived from the formula of an isosceles triangle by Pythagoras theorem: the altitude $h$ of a triangle is the square root of the difference of squares of a side and half of a base. Since the base and the legs are equal, the height is: $$h={\sqrt {a^{2}-{\frac {a^{2}}{4}}}}={\frac {\sqrt {3}}{2}}a.$$ In general, the area of a triangle is the half product of base and height. The formula of the area of an equilateral triangle can be obtained by substituting the altitude formula. Another way to prove the area of an equilateral triangle is by using the trigonometric function. The area of a triangle is formulated as the half product of base and height and the sine of an angle. Because all of the angles of an equilateral triangle are 60°, the formula is as desired.

A version of the isoperimetric inequality for triangles states that the triangle of greatest area among all those with a given perimeter is equilateral. That is, for perimeter $p$ and area $T$, the equality holds for the equilateral triangle: $$p^{2}=12{\sqrt {3}}T.$$

Relationship with circles

The radius of the circumscribed circle is: $$R={\frac {a}{\sqrt {3}}},$$ and the radius of the inscribed circle is half of the circumradius: $$r={\frac {\sqrt {3}}{6}}a.$$

The theorem of Euler states that the distance $t$ between circumradius and inradius is formulated as $t^{2}=R(R-2r)$. The aftermath results in a triangle inequality stating that the equilateral triangle has the smallest ratio of the circumradius $R$ to the inradius $r$ of any triangle. That is: $$R\geq 2r.$$

Pompeiu's theorem states that, if $P$ is an arbitrary point in the plane of an equilateral triangle $ABC$ but not on its circumcircle, then there exists a triangle with sides of lengths $PA$, $PB$, and $PC$. That is, $PA$, $PB$, and $PC$ satisfy the triangle inequality that the sum of any two of them is greater than the third. If $P$ is on the circumcircle then the sum of the two smaller ones equals the longest and the triangle has degenerated into a line, this case is known as Van Schooten's theorem.

A packing problem asks the objective of $n$ circles packing into the smallest possible equilateral triangle. The optimal solutions show $n<13$ that can be packed into the equilateral triangle, but the open conjectures expand to $n<28$.

Other mathematical properties

Visual proof of Viviani's theorem

Morley's trisector theorem states that, in any triangle, the three points of intersection of the adjacent angle trisectors form an equilateral triangle.

Viviani's theorem states that, for any interior point $P$ in an equilateral triangle with distances $d$, $e$, and $f$ from the sides and altitude $h$, $$d+e+f=h,$$ independent of the location of $P$.

An equilateral triangle may have integer sides with three rational angles as measured in degrees, known for the only acute triangle that is similar to its orthic triangle (with vertices at the feet of the altitudes), and the only triangle whose Steiner inellipse is a circle (specifically, the incircle). The triangle of the largest area of all those inscribed in a given circle is equilateral, and the triangle of the smallest area of all those circumscribed around a given circle is also equilateral. It is the only regular polygon aside from the square that can be inscribed inside any other regular polygon.

Given a point $P$ in the interior of an equilateral triangle, the ratio of the sum of its distances from the vertices to the sum of its distances from the sides is greater than or equal to 2, equality holding when $P$ is the centroid. In no other triangle is there a point for which this ratio is as small as 2. This is the Erdős–Mordell inequality; a stronger variant of it is Barrow's inequality, which replaces the perpendicular distances to the sides with the distances from $P$ to the points where the angle bisectors of $\angle APB$, $\angle BPC$, and $\angle CPA$ cross the sides ($A$, $B$, and $C$ being the vertices). There are numerous other triangle inequalities that hold equality if and only if the triangle is equilateral.

Construction

Construction of equilateral triangle with compass and straightedge

The equilateral triangle can be constructed in different ways by using circles. The first proposition in the Elements first book by Euclid. Start by drawing a circle with a certain radius, placing the point of the compass on the circle, and drawing another circle with the same radius; the two circles will intersect in two points. An equilateral triangle can be constructed by taking the two centers of the circles and the points of intersection.

An alternative way to construct an equilateral triangle is by using Fermat prime. A Fermat prime is a prime number of the form $$2^{2^{k}}+1,$$ wherein $k$ denotes the non-negative integer, and there are five known Fermat primes: 3, 5, 17, 257, 65537. A regular polygon is constructible by compass and straightedge if and only if the odd prime factors of its number of sides are distinct Fermat primes. To do so geometrically, draw a straight line and place the point of the compass on one end of the line, then swing an arc from that point to the other point of the line segment; repeat with the other side of the line, which connects the point where the two arcs intersect with each end of the line segment in the aftermath.

Given that three equilateral triangles are constructed on the sides of an arbitrary triangle. By Napoleon's theorem, either all outward or inward, the centers of those equilateral triangles themselves form an equilateral triangle.

Appearances

In other related figures

The equilateral triangle tiling fills the plane

The Sierpiński triangle

Notably, the equilateral triangle tiles is a two-dimensional space with six triangles meeting at a vertex, whose dual tessellation is the hexagonal tiling. Truncated hexagonal tiling, rhombitrihexagonal tiling, trihexagonal tiling, snub square tiling, and snub hexagonal tiling are all semi-regular tessellations constructed with equilateral triangles. Other two-dimensional objects can be found in Sierpiński triangle (a fractal shape constructed from an equilateral triangle by subdividing recursively into smaller equilateral triangles) and Reuleaux triangle (a curved triangle with constant width, constructed from an equilateral triangle by rounding each of its sides).

Regular octahedron is a deltahedron as well as the family of antiprism that has equilateral triangular faces

Equilateral triangles may also form a polyhedron in three dimensions. Three of five polyhedrons of Platonic solids are regular tetrahedron, regular octahedron, and regular icosahedron. Five of the Johnson solids are triangular bipyramid, pentagonal bipyramid, snub disphenoid, triaugmented triangular prism, and gyroelongated square bipyramid. These eight convex polyhedrons have an equilateral triangle as their faces, known as the deltahedron. More generally, all Johnson solids have equilateral triangles, though there are some other regular polygons as their faces. Antiprism is another family of polyhedra where all the faces other than the bases mostly consist of alternating triangles. When the antiprism is uniform, its bases are regular and all triangular faces are equilateral.

As a generalization, the equilateral triangle belongs to the infinite family of $n$-simplexes, with $n=2$.

As an application

Equilateral triangle usage as a yield sign

Equilateral triangles have frequently appeared in man-made constructions and popular cultures. In architecture, an example can be seen in the cross-section of the Gateway Arch and the surface of a Vegreville egg. The faces of Giza Pyramid may be seen as equilateral triangles, yet the resulting accurately shows they are most likely isosceles triangles instead. In heraldic and flags, its applications include the flag of Nicaragua and the flag of the Philippines. It is a shape of a variety of road signs, including the yield sign.

The equilateral triangle occurred in the study of stereochemistry. It can be described as the molecular geometry in which one atom in the center connects three other atoms in a plane, known as the trigonal planar molecular geometry.

In the Thomson problem, concerning the minimum-energy configuration of $n$ charged particles on a sphere, and for the Tammes problem of constructing a spherical code maximizing the smallest distance among the points, the minimum solution known for $n=3$ places the points at the vertices of an equilateral triangle, inscribed in a sphere. This configuration is proven optimal for the Tammes problem, but a rigorous solution to this instance of the Thomson problem is unknown.

See also

• Almost-equilateral Heronian triangle
• Malfatti circles
• Ternary plot
• Trilinear coordinates

References

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External links

• Weisstein, Eric W. "Equilateral Triangle". MathWorld.